{"id":228,"date":"2015-04-06T14:42:11","date_gmt":"2015-04-06T14:42:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/hjrej\/?p=228"},"modified":"2017-10-19T21:05:48","modified_gmt":"2017-10-19T21:05:48","slug":"still-separate-still-unequal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/still-separate-still-unequal\/","title":{"rendered":"Still Separate, Still Unequal"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Harvard Journal of Racial and Ethnic Justice (JREJ) recently published its first online volume. It consists of material first presented at JREJ\u2019s Spring 2014 Symposium: \u201c40 Years After Milliken<\/em>: Remedying Racial Disparities in a \u2018Post-Racial Society.\u2019\u201d \u00a0The 1974 Supreme Court case Milliken v. Bradley<\/em> held that courts were not permitted to address public school segregation by incorporating into integration plans school districts that were not found to have engaged in \u201cde jure\u201d discrimination\u2014even if such an inter-district remedy was the only way reverse the harm.\u00a0 During the Milliken<\/em> Symposium\u2014and in longer pieces published in the online volume\u2014scholars explored Milliken\u2019s<\/em> present-day relevance and discussed the difficulties of receiving redress for racial inequality in an era where discriminatory intent is nearly impossible to prove.<\/p>\n

Associate Professor at Georgia State University College of Law Tanya Washington tracks the origins of the Supreme Court\u2019s affirmative action jurisprudence in \u201cJurisprudential Ties that Blind: the Means to End Affirmative Action.\u201d<\/strong> Washington interrogates the Court\u2019s limited conception of racial discrimination\u2014particularly its de jure-de facto<\/em> distinction\u2014and how this approach has sowed the seeds for our current moment, and a future in which all race-conscious affirmative action programs could be found constitutionally impermissible. Given this, she questions the capacity of color-blind affirmative action to ensure educational equity and racial diversity.<\/p>\n

Professor at the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law Cedric Merlin Powell lays out a wide-ranging critique of Milliken<\/em> in his article, \u201cMilliken<\/em>, \u2018Neutral Principles,\u2019 and Post-Racial Determinism.\u201d<\/strong> Powell explains how the Supreme Court\u2019s reinterpretation of Brown\u2019s <\/em>mandate and its adherence to a false neutrality in Milliken<\/em> not only preserved status quo segregation, but ensured that courts would remain powerless in addressing it. The author also uses Justice Thurgood Marshall\u2019s dissent in that case as providing the proper framework for deciding school desegregation cases.<\/p>\n

Dr. Laura McNeal, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law, argues in \u201cThe Milliken<\/em> Effect: Moral Exclusion Under the Guise of Equity<\/strong>,\u201d that Milliken<\/em> ushered in the demise of desegregation by engaging in \u201cmoral exclusion,\u201d a \u201cpsychosocial orientation toward certain individuals or groups for whom justice principles or considerations of fairness and allocation of resources are not applicable.\u201d Dr. McNeal posits that post-Milliken<\/em> era cases have perpetuated educational inequality by upholding structural barriers to educational equity and deliberately ignoring contextual realities of race and poverty. \u00a0The author argues that ultimately, we must acknowledge the significance of race in education in order to counteract moral exclusion.<\/p>\n

In \u201cImplicit Injustice: Using Social Science to Combat Racism in the United States,\u201d<\/strong> Equal Justice Society Co-Founder and President Eva Paterson and Berkeley Law Student Luke Edwards detail blacks\u2019 historical and present-day battles for equality, within and outside of the law. \u00a0They explore unconscious bias in a host of contexts\u2014most notably the criminal justice system\u2014and how the use of social and mind sciences can help to counteract these problems to achieve equality in a \u201cpost-racial\u201d America.<\/p>\n

\u201cAddressing Implicit Bias Employment Discrimination: Is Litigation Enough?<\/strong>\u201d focuses on the impact implicit bias has on racial discrimination, particularly in the context of employment. Labor and Employment Attorney Sabreena El-Amin tracks the history of employment discrimination in the United States and explores the costs and benefits of using litigation as a means for addressing the issue. The author argues that litigation should not be relied upon as the exclusive means for grappling with implicit bias in employment, offering instead a model that envisions non-profit organizations working together with private businesses seeking diverse talent.<\/p>\n

Check back with the Harvard Journal on Racial and Ethnic Justice<\/em> at hjrej.org for more information on how to order an electronic or print issue of our online volume.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Harvard Journal of Racial and Ethnic Justice (JREJ) recently published its first online volume. It consists of material first […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":229,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,12,13],"tags":[5],"class_list":["post-228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive","category-publication","category-symposium","tag-featured"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/92\/2015\/04\/Milliken-picture-option-5.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=228"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/228\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/229"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/blackletter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}