{"id":2459,"date":"2016-11-24T09:10:37","date_gmt":"2016-11-24T14:10:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/?p=2459"},"modified":"2023-07-25T15:57:38","modified_gmt":"2023-07-25T19:57:38","slug":"the-importance-of-gis-in-emergency-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/2016\/11\/24\/the-importance-of-gis-in-emergency-management\/","title":{"rendered":"The Importance of GIS in Emergency Management"},"content":{"rendered":"

By\u00a0Monika Holser, UCLA School of Law, Class of 2018<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

GIS (geographic information system) is a computer system for \u201ccapturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on the Earth\u2019s surface.\u201d[1]<\/a>\u00a0 It allows multiple layers of information to be displayed at once, enabling one to visualize and understand relationships on a map.[2]<\/a>\u00a0 Different types of information can be overlaid in the program regardless of their original format or source.[3]<\/a>\u00a0 According to ESRI, GIS is described as the \u201cgo-to technology\u201d for location-based decisions and is fundamental in understanding the current and future issues involving geographic space.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

The modern growth of geospatial technology positively interacts with, and influences all aspects of disaster management \u2013 such as mitigation (modeling hazards and vulnerability to develop strategies), preparedness (formulating emergency response and evacuation plans), response (executing such plans), and recovery (assessing damages, rebuilding, preventing recurrence, and educating the public).[5]<\/a>\u00a0 Considering we cannot prevent natural disasters, it is important to determine potential hazards and where they stand in relation to our communities.\u00a0 As a visualization tool, GIS can assist in locating, identifying, and understanding relationships between areas of social vulnerability and potential hazard exposure.\u00a0 For example, available U.S. census data can be layered onto a map to include the distribution of age, income, ethnicity, housing quality, transportation capacity, etc.[6]<\/a>\u00a0 This information can be used to create appropriate mitigation strategies, to identify how or where certain areas should be evacuated, or even how first responders (law enforcement, medical personnel, fire service etc.) should approach certain areas during a disaster.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Furthermore, with advances in GIS and computer technology today, individuals and communities can potentially use the increasingly accessible tools to manage their own knowledge and community data.[8]<\/a>\u00a0 If promoted within communities, GIS can be utilized to communicate risks and hazards to the population with no requisite specialized knowledge.[9]<\/a>\u00a0 Currently, many communities and homeowners lack the knowledge and motivation to take appropriate cautions or mitigate potential hazards.\u00a0 Having access to personalized and compelling visuals may ameliorate the issue, while providing local governments invaluable information for disaster management and preparedness.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Challenges and Future Steps \u2013 A Look at FEMA Flood Mapping<\/strong><\/h2>\n

First and foremost, data is the most essential element of GIS mapping \u2013 the program itself merely creates a visual display of the inputted data.[11]<\/a>\u00a0 Without accurate data, the program cannot produce accurate depictions of the desired information or relationships between them.\u00a0 Therefore, the greatest challenge is the weakness of current data, or the lack of data in general.\u00a0 Although currently improving, there is also a deficiency of readily available GIS software, and more importantly, a failure in the communication\/utilization of GIS and the information it can provide.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Considering the significant role GIS already plays in emergency management, I believe the government, as well as local governments, should be allocating funds to improve each of these three issues.\u00a0 First, to increase data collection and to improve the accuracy of existing data, second, to promote the use of GIS software by communities, and third, to improve the accessibility and communication of the information produced.\u00a0 In regards to these aspects, I would like to discuss the ongoing Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood mapping as part of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).<\/p>\n

The NFIP was created to provide a means for homeowners to financially protect themselves from flood events \u2013 flood insurance is offered to property owners if the community participates in the NFIP and meets floodplain management ordinances established by FEMA.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

FEMA\u2019s flood hazard mapping program, Risk Mapping, Assessment and Planning (MAP), identifies flood hazards and assesses risks of certain areas.[14]<\/a>\u00a0 This mapping is used to create the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), the basis of NFIP regulations and insurance requirements.[15]<\/a>\u00a0 The FIRMs are then used to determine insurance premiums and set minimum floodplain standards for communities based on the assessed risks of the particular location.[16]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Currently, the NFIP states that it is working towards updating the accuracy of flood maps and providing policyholders with information to better understand the program.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

1. Improving Accuracy of GIS Data<\/u><\/h3>\n

In cost-benefit analysis, hazard mapping is found to have positive net benefits, thereby indicating that it is beneficial to work towards improving the accuracy of our mapping.[18]<\/a> A study conducted by FEMA in 2000 found that when considering all costs (flood data updates, map maintenance, new mapping, conversion to new standards, and customer service), the flood maps created a benefit of 1.33 billion dollars, with a cost of 799 million.[19]<\/a> Currently, flood maps are used an estimated 30 million times a year by government agencies, FEMA contractors, lenders, insurance agents, land developers, community planners, property owners, realtors, and by others for risk assessment, land management, mitigation, and disaster response.[20]<\/a>\u00a0 With this in mind, it is clear that the accuracy of these maps is vital and relevant to widespread decisions.<\/p>\n

For example, improving the accuracy of FEMA\u2019s flood maps is predicted to directly affect the insurance rates and land use.[21]<\/a>\u00a0 More accurate estimates of flood risk allow appropriate insurance premiums to be calculated for certain areas and particular structures.[22]<\/a>\u00a0 The accuracy of price may also increase the understanding and trust of flood risk, and therefore encourage and ensure insurance coverage.[23]<\/a>\u00a0 In connection to land use, the correctly priced insurance premiums accurately reflect risk, and in turn, reduce the development of land in high-risk areas.[24]<\/a>\u00a0 Improvements in accuracy can add restrictions to properties that should have been designated at-risk (reducing future losses of life and property), and conversely, lifting restrictions in areas that were incorrectly designated at-risk (lowering costs and mandatory improvements, enabling the land to be used in other ways).[25]<\/a>\u00a0 In fact, FEMA\u2019s website includes an option to contest floodplain boundaries if homeowners believe their properties were incorrectly identified in high-risk areas \u2013 increasing accuracy of flood maps may therefore reduce the contesting of boundaries and save time, money, and effort of all parties.<\/p>\n

Learning from the NFIP and FEMA\u2019s FIRM flood maps, we can see that it is indeed beneficial to invest in data collection for GIS use in emergency management.\u00a0 This can be applied to any context, rather than solely floods and national flood insurance \u2013 perhaps to fire or earthquake risks, or anything relevant to a community\u2019s planning.<\/p>\n

2&3. Promoting Use of GIS Software and Improving Communication of Risks<\/u><\/h3>\n

Little research has been done to show how to effectively communicate risk to the public through hazard maps.[26]<\/a>\u00a0 However, previous studies have shown that in particular, there are issues with communicating via FEMA\u2019s FIRM flood maps.[27]<\/a>\u00a0 Taking it upon myself to investigate the FEMA website, I found it very difficult to navigate and understand.\u00a0 There is an overwhelming amount of information and it is unclear how or who it is intended to be used by.\u00a0 Through the Flood Map Service Center \u2018Search by Address\u2019 page, a homeowner can simply type in their address to pull up an interactive flood map, National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL).\u00a0 This is where the seemingly simple task becomes complicated.\u00a0 I downloaded the map corresponding to my current apartment address only to find that I had absolutely no idea what I was looking at, or what any of the data meant.\u00a0 I then managed to locate an FAQ page on the website, linking a 54 page document available for download titled, \u201cHow to Read a Flood Insurance Rate Map Tutorial.\u201d\u00a0 It is quite possible that I did not spend enough time attempting to read and understand the guidance provided by the FEMA webpage, but it is clear why a homeowner or individual with little to no experience in this area would fail to understand the implications of the data.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, FEMA\u2019s in-house mapping software, HAZUS, is available to the public for download.\u00a0 HAZUS, utilizing GIS systems, is described as a \u201cnationally applicable standardized methodology that estimates potential losses from earthquakes, hurricane winds, and floods.\u201d[28]<\/a>\u00a0 Looking to download and examine the software, I found that it requires ESRI\u2019s ArcGIS program to run, and that the FEMA site directs users to ESRI where it can be purchased.\u00a0 From this, I can assume that the HAZUS program is primarily used by and targeted towards local governments, rather than individuals and homeowners.\u00a0 Although this makes sense, it again limits the accessibility of invaluable information that can be provided \u2013 and even local governments may choose not to pursue the costs of analyzing the public data through GIS mapping (costs of the program and of individuals educated to use the program, time to overlay data, etc.).<\/p>\n

Again, based solely off of FEMA\u2019s FIRM maps and HAZUS program, we can see that the accessibility of GIS programs, as well as the communication of risk information, is at issue.\u00a0 As suggested by Susan Cutter, a Geography Professor at the University of South Carolina, emergency managers should look to community partners such as universities to assist with mapping and analysis needs.[29]<\/a>\u00a0 From personal experience, she describes the ongoing partnership between the University of South Carolina and the South Carolina Emergency Management Division, allowing the two to work towards a common goal \u2013 students can gain experience, while the organization can utilize the resources produced.[30]<\/a>\u00a0 She further suggests that if costs of the program or ability to use a program are at issue (such as ESRI ArcGIS), other mapping tools or platforms may be available.[31]<\/a>\u00a0 For example, I downloaded QGIS, a free GIS program rather than the common, but pricey ArcGIS.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Starting with FEMA, and moving towards states and local governments, GIS investment should be prioritized for use in disaster management.\u00a0 Funds ideally should be directed towards increasing data and improving accuracy of that already existing, towards making GIS programs available for use (or finding assistance through partnerships), and towards promoting the communications of risk assessment with the public.<\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> GIS<\/em>, National Geographic Society, http:\/\/nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/geographic-information-system-gis\/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Id.<\/em><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Id. <\/em><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> What is GIS<\/em>, ESRI, http:\/\/www.esri.com\/what-is-gis (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> T.J. Cova, GIS in Emergency Management in <\/em>Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Applications, and Management 845-858, 850 (1999).<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Disaster Preparedness and Recovery<\/em>, Emergency Management, http:\/\/www.emergencymgmt.com\/disaster\/How-GIS-Can-Aid-Emergency-Management.html (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Alexandra Enders & Zachary Brandt, Using Geographic Information System Technology to Improve Emergency Management and Disaster Response for People with Disabilities, <\/em>17 J. of Disability Pol\u2019y Stud. 223-29, 224 (2007).<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Phong Tran et al., GIS and Local Knowledge: A Case Study of Flood Risk Mapping in Viet Nam<\/em> in<\/em> Disasters 152-169, 155 (2009).<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Id. <\/em>at 153.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Id. <\/em><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Enders & Brandt, supra <\/em>note 7, at 224.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Cova, supra <\/em>note 5, at 856.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Flood Insurance Reform<\/em>, FEMA, https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/flood-insurance-reform (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> National Flood Insurance Program: Flood Hazard Mapping<\/em>, FEMA, https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/national-flood-insurance-program-flood-hazard-mapping (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Id. <\/em><\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Flood Insurance Reform – Mapping Flood Hazards,<\/em> FEMA, https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/flood-insurance-reform-mapping-flood-hazards (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Flood Insurance Reform<\/em>, FEMA, https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/flood-insurance-reform (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Committee on FEMA Flood Maps et al., Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy 79 (2009).<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Id.<\/em> at 82.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Id. <\/em>at 79.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Id. <\/em>at 80-81.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Id. <\/em>at 81.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Id.<\/em><\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Id. <\/em>at 80.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Id.<\/em><\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Id. <\/em>at 91.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Id.<\/em><\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Hazus-MH Overview,<\/em> FEMA, https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/hazus-mh-overview (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Disaster Preparedness and Recovery<\/em>, Emergency Management, http:\/\/www.emergencymgmt.com\/disaster\/How-GIS-Can-Aid-Emergency-Management.html (last visited Nov. 1, 2016).<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Id. <\/em><\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Id. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By\u00a0Monika Holser, UCLA School of Law, Class of 2018\u00a0 GIS (geographic information system) is a computer system for \u201ccapturing, storing, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":164,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-helr-online"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/peZkUb-DF","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2459","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/164"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2459"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2459\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2459"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2459"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/elr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2459"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}