{"id":1670,"date":"2005-07-01T08:57:02","date_gmt":"2005-07-01T12:57:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.journals.law.harvard.edu\/ilj\/site\/?p=1670"},"modified":"2011-03-20T12:17:53","modified_gmt":"2011-03-20T16:17:53","slug":"46-2_oconnell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/ilj\/2005\/07\/46-2_oconnell\/","title":{"rendered":"Gambling with the Psyche"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Abstract:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Legal  action against those accused of committing brutal violations of human  rights has flourished in the last decade. Saddam Hussein awaits trial in  Iraq. Augusto Pinochet, Chile\u2019s former military leader, has been  pursued by European and Chilean prosecuting judges since Spain\u2019s  Balthasar Garz\u00f3n sought his extradition for murder in October 1998. Meanwhile, at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former  Yugoslavia (\u201cICTY\u201d), Slobodan Milosevic is preparing his defense against  charges of genocide and war crimes. Even U.S. Secretary of Defense  Donald Rumsfeld, with other senior officials, has been accused in a  privately filed criminal complaint in Germany of being responsible for  the torture of prisoners held in Iraq. Such legal actions were almost  unimaginable a decade ago.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>These are only the most prominent  cases. A dozen senior Baathist officials face prosecution by Iraq\u2019s new  government. In Argentina, a 2001 court ruling abrogated laws giving  immunity to military officers who oversaw andparticipated in the  kidnapping and secret execution (\u201cdisappearance\u201d) of as many as 30,000  people between 1976 and 1983.\u00a0 Two years later, Argentina\u2019s parliament  annulled the laws, mooting a pending appeal and reversing nearly two  decades of hostility by the country\u2019s elected leaders to criminal  prosecution of perpetrators of atrocities during the dictatorship. In  2001, a Belgian jury sentenced four Rwandans to prison for participating  in the 1994 genocide of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. Victims of Chadian  dictator-turned expatriate Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9 brought a criminal complaint  against him in Senegal in January 1999, alleging torture, barbarous  acts, and crimes against humanity. While the case was dismissed, it  opened up new possibilities for calling Habr\u00e9 to legal account in Chad,  as the Pinochet case had in Chile.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In addition to national  courts, international criminal tribunals have recently become important  forums for human rights cases. The prosecutor of the new International  Criminal Court (\u201cICC\u201d), veteran Argentine human rights lawyer Luis  Moreno Ocampo, is investigating atrocities in Uganda, the Democratic  Republic of Congo, and Sudan. The ICTY and the International Criminal  Tribunal for Rwanda (\u201cICTR\u201d) have imprisoned dozens of perpetrators of  unspeakable horrors after trials and guilty pleas11 and have delivered  groundbreaking judgments advancing international law. \u201cHybrid\u201d courts  with varying degrees of international involvement and independence from  national court systems are prosecuting perpetrators of human rights  violations in East Timor, Kosovo, and Sierra Leone.<\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Legal action against those accused of committing brutal violations of human rights has flourished in the last decade. In addition to national courts, international criminal tribunals have recently become important forums for human rights cases. &#8220;Hybrid\u201d courts with varying degrees of international involvement and independence from national court systems are prosecuting perpetrators of human rights violations in East Timor, Kosovo, and Sierra Leone.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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