{"id":4461,"date":"2025-11-03T20:17:35","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T01:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/?page_id=4461"},"modified":"2026-01-27T18:17:46","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T23:17:46","slug":"markup","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/markup\/","title":{"rendered":"Markup"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:54px;font-style:normal;font-weight:600;text-transform:capitalize\"><strong>Markup<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:37px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-border-color has-ast-global-color-4-border-color has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-decf67b1fc427256b694e6698812ba8d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#9c343b;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-left:0\"><em>Markup <\/em>is the <em>Journal on Legislation<\/em>&#8216;s blog for short, timely updates about current topics in the legislative arena, including congressional power, legislative process, statutory interpretation, administrative law, and state and local legislatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:37px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow\"><ul style=\"background:linear-gradient(358deg,rgba(255,255,255,0.16) 0%,rgb(255,255,255) 100%);border-style:none;border-width:0px\" class=\"wp-block-post-template has-background has-medium-font-size is-layout-flow wp-container-core-post-template-is-layout-a7dce961 wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow\"><li class=\"wp-block-post post-4821 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-markup tag-hayden-davis\">\n<div style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-48a495f518e0852c5713cf21d6c4161b wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-8-color has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/category\/markup\/\" rel=\"tag\">Markup<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 style=\"color:#9c343b;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-71bfbd9d24a3306087a8ce72aa1c408e wp-block-post-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/2026\/06\/24\/to-fix-social-media-make-companies-pay-the-price-of-compulsive-use\/\" target=\"_self\" >To Fix Social Media, Make Companies Pay the Price of Compulsive Use<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a26776e9dfbe4eaa8738bd2155f0cde3 wp-block-post-date has-text-color\"><time datetime=\"2026-06-24T13:30:17-04:00\">June 24, 2026<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\"><div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"taxonomy-post_tag has-link-color wp-elements-71669b3ba49cd58868c7446efebbfcaa wp-block-post-terms has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/hayden-davis\/\" rel=\"tag\">Hayden Davis<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#121212c9\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-abca790981a2623df4171f2c0c5a75ff wp-block-post-excerpt has-text-color\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">June 24, 2026 Throughout the country and across the political spectrum, there is a growing consensus that stricter and more meaningful regulation of social media is needed. Despite social media companies\u2019 lofty promises to \u201cbring the world closer together\u201d and democratize the flow of information, it has become clear that their products, in their current form, are also causing a great deal of harm to consumers\u2014and contributing to some of the deepest problems we face as a society. Engagement-maximizing algorithms put us into informational silos, amplify misinformation, and direct vulnerable kids towards harmful content (such as content encouraging eating disorders).&hellip; <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-4731 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-markup tag-jordan-ascher\">\n<div style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-48a495f518e0852c5713cf21d6c4161b wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-8-color has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/category\/markup\/\" rel=\"tag\">Markup<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 style=\"color:#9c343b;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-71bfbd9d24a3306087a8ce72aa1c408e wp-block-post-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/2026\/04\/13\/some-first-principles-on-large-language-model-capabilities-and-federal-rulemaking\/\" target=\"_self\" >Some First Principles on Large Language Model Capabilities and Federal Rulemaking<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a26776e9dfbe4eaa8738bd2155f0cde3 wp-block-post-date has-text-color\"><time datetime=\"2026-04-13T13:01:31-04:00\">April 13, 2026<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\"><div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"taxonomy-post_tag has-link-color wp-elements-71669b3ba49cd58868c7446efebbfcaa wp-block-post-terms has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/jordan-ascher\/\" rel=\"tag\">Jordan Ascher<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#121212c9\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-abca790981a2623df4171f2c0c5a75ff wp-block-post-excerpt has-text-color\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">When it comes to federal administrative capacity, the Trump administration is working at cross-purposes with itself. On the one hand, it is taking a hatchet to the institutions of government: slashing the federal workforce and eliminating entire agencies (or trying to). On the other hand, its regulatory goals are ambitious. It is moving aggressively to rescind numerous federal regulations while at the same time asserting federal power in new and disquieting ways. To do \u201cmore\u201d with less, the administration is turning to artificial intelligence. Last year, DOGE proposed to use a large language model (\u201cLLM\u201d) to rescind half of all&hellip; <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-4689 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-markup tag-max-spitzer\">\n<div style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-48a495f518e0852c5713cf21d6c4161b wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-8-color has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/category\/markup\/\" rel=\"tag\">Markup<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 style=\"color:#9c343b;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-71bfbd9d24a3306087a8ce72aa1c408e wp-block-post-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/2026\/02\/24\/what-every-house-member-should-know-about-the-previous-question-motion\/\" target=\"_self\" >What Every House Member Should Know About the Previous Question Motion<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a26776e9dfbe4eaa8738bd2155f0cde3 wp-block-post-date has-text-color\"><time datetime=\"2026-02-24T19:10:00-05:00\">February 24, 2026<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\"><div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"taxonomy-post_tag has-link-color wp-elements-71669b3ba49cd58868c7446efebbfcaa wp-block-post-terms has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/max-spitzer\/\" rel=\"tag\">Max Spitzer<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#121212c9\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-abca790981a2623df4171f2c0c5a75ff wp-block-post-excerpt has-text-color\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">The House of Representatives is currently in an era of extreme centralization of power. The Speaker of the House, via the powerful Rules Committee, essentially sets the agenda for the entire body, and retains all of the procedural prerogatives to effectuate that agenda. Rank-and-file Members have few options to advance their bills without the Speaker\u2019s blessing. The recent success of discharge petitions to go around leadership has been noteworthy, but it also highlights the delays and difficulties inherent in that process. One procedural tactic, however, remains underutilized. Indeed, despite growing frustration with how the House has been run in recent&hellip; <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-4487 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-markup tag-sharon-block tag-tanya-goldman\">\n<div style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-48a495f518e0852c5713cf21d6c4161b wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-8-color has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/category\/markup\/\" rel=\"tag\">Markup<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 style=\"color:#9c343b;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-71bfbd9d24a3306087a8ce72aa1c408e wp-block-post-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/2025\/11\/04\/congress-must-stand-up-to-the-supreme-courts-attacks-on-independent-agencies\/\" target=\"_self\" >Congress Must Stand Up to the Supreme Court\u2019s Attacks on Independent Agencies<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a26776e9dfbe4eaa8738bd2155f0cde3 wp-block-post-date has-text-color\"><time datetime=\"2025-11-04T12:45:20-05:00\">November 4, 2025<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\"><div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"taxonomy-post_tag has-link-color wp-elements-71669b3ba49cd58868c7446efebbfcaa wp-block-post-terms has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/sharon-block\/\" rel=\"tag\">Sharon Block<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\"> \u2022 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/tanya-goldman\/\" rel=\"tag\">Tanya Goldman<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#121212c9\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-abca790981a2623df4171f2c0c5a75ff wp-block-post-excerpt has-text-color\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">The Supreme Court seems well on its way to gutting independent agencies, undermining Congress\u2019s commitment to the public that important rights and protections would be enforced by experts free from the front lines of politics. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-4475 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-markup tag-andrew-kent tag-paul-b-stephan\">\n<div style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-48a495f518e0852c5713cf21d6c4161b wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-8-color has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/category\/markup\/\" rel=\"tag\">Markup<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 style=\"color:#9c343b;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-71bfbd9d24a3306087a8ce72aa1c408e wp-block-post-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/2025\/11\/04\/president-power-tariffs-peacetime\/\" target=\"_self\" >Does the President Have Power to Impose Tariffs Using Peacetime Economic Sanctions Legislation?<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a26776e9dfbe4eaa8738bd2155f0cde3 wp-block-post-date has-text-color\"><time datetime=\"2025-11-04T11:46:02-05:00\">November 4, 2025<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\"><div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"taxonomy-post_tag has-link-color wp-elements-71669b3ba49cd58868c7446efebbfcaa wp-block-post-terms has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/andrew-kent\/\" rel=\"tag\">Andrew Kent<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\"> \u2022 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/paul-b-stephan\/\" rel=\"tag\">Paul B. Stephan<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#121212c9\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-abca790981a2623df4171f2c0c5a75ff wp-block-post-excerpt has-text-color\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">In a pair of consolidated Supreme Court cases, the Justices will soon decide whether the President may impose tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977 (IEEPA), despite the existence of a separate and vast body of detailed trade legislation on topic. This post explains why we think this answer is \u2018no.\u2019 <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-4465 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-markup tag-kedric-l-payne\">\n<div style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-48a495f518e0852c5713cf21d6c4161b wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-8-color has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/category\/markup\/\" rel=\"tag\">Markup<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 style=\"color:#9c343b;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-71bfbd9d24a3306087a8ce72aa1c408e wp-block-post-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/2025\/11\/03\/congressional-stock-trading-ban-challenges\/\" target=\"_self\" >A Legislative Shift in Ethics Reform: Congressional Stock Trading Ban Challenges Transparency-Based Remedies<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a26776e9dfbe4eaa8738bd2155f0cde3 wp-block-post-date has-text-color\"><time datetime=\"2025-11-03T20:25:47-05:00\">November 3, 2025<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\"><div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"taxonomy-post_tag has-link-color wp-elements-71669b3ba49cd58868c7446efebbfcaa wp-block-post-terms has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/kedric-l-payne\/\" rel=\"tag\">Kedric L. Payne<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#121212c9\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-abca790981a2623df4171f2c0c5a75ff wp-block-post-excerpt has-text-color\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">The STOCK Act, which created a new requirement for officials to publicly report their stock trades within forty-five days of the transaction, intended to increase public trust in Congress by giving Americans an inside look into the financial interests of their lawmakers. This law was an overwhelming failure in two ways. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-4452 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-markup tag-dave-rapallo\">\n<div style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-48a495f518e0852c5713cf21d6c4161b wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-8-color has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/category\/markup\/\" rel=\"tag\">Markup<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 style=\"color:#9c343b;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-71bfbd9d24a3306087a8ce72aa1c408e wp-block-post-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/2025\/11\/03\/the-accelerating-assault-on-minority-rights-in-congress\/\" target=\"_self\" >The Accelerating Assault on Minority Rights in Congress<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-a26776e9dfbe4eaa8738bd2155f0cde3 wp-block-post-date has-text-color\"><time datetime=\"2025-11-03T19:27:42-05:00\">November 3, 2025<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\"><div style=\"color:#9c333ab8\" class=\"taxonomy-post_tag has-link-color wp-elements-71669b3ba49cd58868c7446efebbfcaa wp-block-post-terms has-text-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/tag\/dave-rapallo\/\" rel=\"tag\">Dave Rapallo<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#121212c9\" class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-abca790981a2623df4171f2c0c5a75ff wp-block-post-excerpt has-text-color\"><p class=\"wp-block-post-excerpt__excerpt\">When Republican Majority Leader John Thune took to the Senate floor to weaken the filibuster on September 11, 2025, it was not just another sign of partisan acrimony in Washington. It was also the latest example of what may be developing into one of the most accelerated trends in a generation to curtail the rights of the minority party in Congress. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-7cc3c2dd5206a0ea442f8a6da5e1a05e wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#9c343b\"><em>Markup<\/em>&#8216;s faculty advisor is <a href=\"https:\/\/hls.harvard.edu\/faculty\/sharon-block\/\">Sharon Block<\/a>, Professor of Practice at Harvard Law School.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">All articles express the viewpoint of their authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the&nbsp;<em>Journal<\/em>&nbsp;or Harvard Law School.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/jol\/submissions\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"9\">Submissions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Subscribe to <em>Markup<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Get all the latest posts directly in your inbox<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"es_form_wrapper es-form-4 ig-es-form-wrapper\" id=\"es_form_f4-n1\" style=\"max-width: 600px; width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; box-sizing: border-box;\"><form action=\"\/jol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4461#es_form_f4-n1\" method=\"post\" class=\"ig_es_subscription_form es_subscription_form es_widget_form wysiwyg-form es_shortcode_form es-form-style-inherit es_ajax_subscription_form\" id=\"es_subscription_form_6a68fdbaf2e65\" data-source=\"ig-es\" data-form-id=\"4\"><div class=\"es-field-wrap ig-es-form-field\"><label 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