{"id":2934,"date":"2012-02-24T02:27:16","date_gmt":"2012-02-24T07:27:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/?p=2934"},"modified":"2013-01-11T10:54:27","modified_gmt":"2013-01-11T15:54:27","slug":"an-israeli-attack-on-iran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/2012\/02\/an-israeli-attack-on-iran\/","title":{"rendered":"An Israeli Attack on Iran"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Ty Cobb* —<\/strong><\/p>\n

Speculation is rife that, with or without United States support, Israel will attack Iranian nuclear facilities, possibly soon. Clearly the Obama administration and the United State’s military leadership do not share the Israeli viewpoint with respect to the extent of the threat, how well sanctions can impact the challenge, and whether a military strike is advisable or workable.<\/p>\n

The Israeli Perspective and its Supporters in the United States
\n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

There seems to be a wide gulf between what the Israelis (and much of the Jewish community in the United States) believe with respect to Iran\u2019s nuclear objectives and what professional military officers and defense experts in this country conclude.<\/p>\n

Israeli writers dismiss this American caution, charging that these observers simply can\u2019t understand that an Iranian nuclear weapons capability would be an \u201cexistential threat\u201d to Israel. Many here in the West cannot and do not appreciate what Israelis have confronted for more than 60 years or what Jews worldwide experienced before that\u2014from the Dreyfus Affair in France to the Holocaust, a sense of being isolated in a world of autocratic, anti-Semitic Arab and Persian neighbors. They fear once again being caught unprepared in the face of a severe military threat (1973); they tend to perhaps exaggerate adversary intentions and capabilities; they tend to rely on the belief that a preemptive, quick strike (Osirak, 1981; the 1967 war) is a proven path to military success.<\/p>\n

Tel Aviv\u2019s fears have been stoked by continuing incendiary statements by Iran\u2019s leaders, including President Ahmadinejad and Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, who advocate the destruction of Israel. Western observers may dismiss these comments as sheer rhetoric; Israel\u2019s leaders take them much more seriously. Thus, Israeli professor Efriam Inbar concludes that \u201cdelaying an Iranian capability by only a few years would be a worthwhile achievement,\u201d and that fears of regional repercussions from any strike on Iran are \u201cexaggerated.\u201d<\/p>\n

They have virtually no faith that an outside superpower like the United States, and certainly not China or Russia, will intervene to effectively halt the Iranian program. Or, if Tehran did achieve a nuclear weapons capability, that any outside power\u2014including the United States\u2014would do anything about it. Israeli officials also feel that they have shown great patience over the past few years, with little to show for it as the Iranian nuclear program steams ahead.<\/p>\n

The leading War Hawk in the Netanyahu administration, Defense Minister Ehud Barak, argues that to allow the Iranian nuclear program to continue would result in Tehran producing such a number of weapons that Israel would be unable to conduct an attack that would permanently cripple the Iranian capability. Barak sees a current \u201cwindow of vulnerability\u201d for Iran that will close soon as the Iranian program escalates, Iran receives advanced air to surface missiles from China or Russia, and Tehran\u2019s terror networks coalesce. This will provide, in Barak\u2019s words, a \u201czone of immunity.\u201d<\/p>\n

And certainly the leadership in Tehran is doing nothing to dampen those fears. As former DoD official Jack David wrote, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei emphatically proclaimed recently that Iran would continue its nuclear program, called Israel a \u201ccancerous threat\u201d that should \u201cbe cut,\u201d and threatened to accelerate Iran’s global support of terrorism. David worries that a nuclear-armed Iran would be even more aggressive in attacking the United States, Israel, and Arab states like Saudi Arabia if operating behind a nuclear shield. A nuclear Iran, David continues, would \u201cthreaten Israel\u2019s very existence.\u201d<\/p>\n

This viewpoint reflects the feelings of much of the American Jewish community, which is unusually united in their perspectives on Iran. However, it would be a mistake to think this sense of urgency is driven only by Jews\u2014it is one that many \u201cNeoCons\u201d have espoused, as well as mainstream national security experts such as SEN Lindsey Graham. And, it is important to note, the drumbeat for an attack is propelled just as much by Sunni-dominant Arab regimes, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the UAE.<\/p>\n

What are the professionals in the United States saying?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Does everyone believe that Tehran is hell-bent on developing and fielding a nuclear weapons arsenal? There is, actually, wide disagreement about Tehran\u2019s objectives with respect to its nuclear programs. Many very senior officials in the IAEA and here in the United States have expressed doubts about the ultimate goal of the Iranian program. For example, General James Clapper, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), and formerly Secretary Rumsfeld\u2019s key intelligence officer, has testified that he is not certain that Tehran really intends to take its nuclear program to the point of actually producing nuclear weapons! Clapper, sitting alongside CIA Director GEN Dave Petraeus, commented, \u201cWe don\u2019t believe they\u2019ve actually made the decision to go ahead with a nuclear weapon.\u201d<\/p>\n

Others note that the Iranian program is still under the supervision of IAEA inspectors and that Iran has not made any move toward \u201cbreaking out\u201d toward the production of weapons-grade, highly enriched uranium. They added that Iran is a signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty and has not violated its norms to date. By contrast, they add, Israel is not a signatory to the NPT and has refused to provide any access to its nuclear facilities to IAEA or any other agency officials. Israel probably has 200+ nuclear weapons, and three means to deliver them, and nothing is controlled by any international treaty. So if Iran does not have a bomb and it is uncertain that they will, and since Iran has never built, tested, or weaponized a nuclear device, some ask who is the \u201cexistential threat\u201d to whom?<\/p>\n

Regardless of what views one has on Tehran\u2019s intentions, many experts believe that the economic and financial sanctions that have been imposed on Iran, as well as covert actions, have had a very significant impact and caused severe degradation to the Iranian economy. This has weakened the position of the Mullahs and led to internal strife within the government\u2019s top leadership.<\/p>\n

The sanctions regime has caused Iran\u2019s currency to plunge. Its oil is piling up in storage tanks because it cannot find buyers, and there is growing dissension within the top leadership. Thus, some argue, given time, the sanctions will force the Iranians to negotiate or abandon any nuclear weapons programs they may have in mind. This is a viewpoint that many in Israel have also expressed\u2014there is no unanimity that Minister Barak\u2019s demands for a strike are the right course for Tel Aviv (in fact Prime Minister Bibi Netanyahu has struck a middle course and encouraged debate on the topic, while seeming to lean closer to Ehud Barak\u2019s position). The former head of Mossad, the Israeli intelligence agency, has also joined the fray by denouncing the war hysteria that has emerged.<\/p>\n

How successful would an Israeli strike likely to be? What would be the repercussions?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Despite these words of caution, many anticipate that an Israeli strike against the Iranian nuclear facilities will occur. And maybe this Spring. If so, how successful would such an attack be?<\/p>\n

Most experts believe that any conceivable air campaign would at best only delay and damage the program. They point out that Iran has withered the attack by the Stuxnet virus, the assassinations of some of its nuclear scientists, and economic sanctions, and are now installing advanced uranium enrichment centrifuges.<\/p>\n

The elements of the program\u2014principally the centrifuges– are being placed deep underground, for example most recently inside a bunker near Qom, one that is too deep for any bunker busting bomb to penetrate.<\/p>\n

On the attack scenarios, virtually all experts conclude that an Israeli strike against Iran\u2019s nuclear facilities could do considerable damage, but not halt the program. The strikes would, at best, delay the program\u2019s progress for months or a couple years.<\/p>\n

An air campaign would stretch the Israeli air forces capabilities to the maximum. The key targets are located at the furthest range of its fighter-bombers. And the pilots would have to violate the airspace of at least Iraq, if not Jordan, Turkey, or Saudi Arabia. While it is not militarily a challenge now to fly over Iraq (Iraq does not have any air defense capability to speak of), it would, of course, further drive the Iraqi populace closer to a tighter relationship with Tehran.<\/p>\n

American military experts have also pointed out that there is no such thing as a \u201csurgical strike,\u201d and warn that any conflict would involve extensive civilian casualties and be very messy. Former Vice-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, James Cartwright, testified before the Senate that any strike would also \u201csolidify domestic support for the regime.\u201d He also agreed that the only way to prevent Iran from securing a nuclear weapons program was \u201cto occupy the country.\u201d<\/p>\n

What would the Iranian response be? Perhaps it would encourage the Hezbollah in Lebanon to launch some of the thousands of rockets it has in the inventory, and push its new partner, Hamas in Gaza, to conduct incursions against Israel. It may take actions to close the vital Hormuz straits, through which flow much of the world\u2019s oil supplies. And sensing that the United States is complicit, Iran would certainly send out swarms of its Swift boats against the United States Navy presence in the Gulf and likely employ numerous mini-drones to hamper United States activities.<\/p>\n

Such an attack would at a minimum disrupt global oil markets and lead to a rapid escalation of petroleum prices and a global economic downturn.<\/p>\n

What is unknown is what the global repercussions will be? Will this further drive China, and possibly Russia, into greater support for Iran? Would such a strike please the Saudis, or will it cause anger in the Muslim world? These questions also must be addressed.<\/p>\n

Will the U.S. Be involved in an Israeli Strike? Should it?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The U.S. may not have any option but to fully support Israel should it decide to strike Iran, especially in an election year.<\/p>\n

The United States is \u201ctied up in knots\u201d over the issue, James Zogby points out, because no one wants to appear to be critical of Israel. President Obama and all GOP candidates would feel compelled to support the Israeli position.<\/p>\n

The consensus American position would be to continue the sanctions regime and not undertake a military strike. If Iran, in fact, produced a nuclear weapon, the majority would probably advise simply, \u201cOK, live with it.\u201d We have dealt with far worse nuclear threats successfully and we can again since, to use the phrase the Chairman of the JCS, GEN Marty Dempsey, proffered this week, Iran is, at heart, \u201ca rational actor.\u201d<\/p>\n

One observer, Fareed Zakaria, writes that America faced a similar situation when the Soviet Union developed its nuclear weapons program, one that was in the hands\u2014from our perspective\u2014of a regime that was \u201cirrational, aggressive and utterly unconcerned with human life.\u201d Zakaria points out that just as many Israelis are advocating for preemptive strikes against Iran, so did many in the United States call for launching a decapitating \u201cfirst strike\u201d against Moscow in the late 1940s. Wisely, he concludes, cooler and more sober heads prevailed, and in the end, \u201cthe global revolutionaries in Moscow, the mad autocrats in Pyongyang and the terrorist-supporting military in Pakistan have all been deterred by mutual fears of destruction.\u201d Why, he asks, would be believe that an Iranian regime would launch such an irrational attack. For example, he points out that while there have been suicide bombers from virtually all countries in the Mideast, there have been none from Iran.<\/p>\n

Defense analyst Thomas M.P. Barnett argues that if \u201cIran will get the bomb we would be better off accepting that.\u201d But he concludes that Israeli pressure, sympathetic and powerful domestic groups in the U.S., and the course of the Presidential election means that war with Iran is inevitable and we\u2019d better plan for it. America will be drawn in regardless of its preferred stance.<\/p>\n

Barnett predicts that Iran will respond with asymmetrical warfare tactics, in addition to the steps listed above. Iran would step up its global terrorist attacks, this time against the U.S. as well as Israel. \u201cGet ready for IEDs on I-95\u201d, he warned.<\/p>\n

In summary, the situation is highly volatile and I do believe that Ehud Barak\u2019s viewpoint will be adopted in Israel. The United States will continue to attempt to downplay the threat Iran represents\u2014even a nuclear Iran\u2014but it is doubtful that such words of caution will deter the Israelis. And it is highly likely that the conflict will draw the United States in, reluctantly perhaps, but in.<\/p>\n


\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

*Dr. Cobb was a professor at West Point and a Lieutenant Colonel in the Army in the years just prior to the Reagan Administration. He consulted with the National Security Council during the latter half of the Carter administration and the early Reagan administration on international energy issues. At the start of the Reagan administration, Dr. Cobb was on an exchange in the Soviet Union. After the change in National Security Advisor to William Clark and Deputy Robert \u201cBud\u201d McFarlane, Cobb was asked to submit strategy papers regarding the long-range strategic position of the United States vis-a-vis the Soviet Union. As a result of these papers he was asked to join the NSC staff as a member of the European and Soviet Affairs Directorate to work on European issues and Canada, and to provide some input on long-range strategic Soviet policy. He took Dennis Blair\u2019s slot within this directorate. Cobb worked very closely with Peter Sommer and they divided responsibility for 34 countries among themselves. Cobb was responsible for France, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Austria, the Vatican, etc. As part of his Soviet responsibilities, Cobb attended the Geneva and the Reykjavik summits. In 1988, Cobb took Robert Dean\u2019s place as the Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director of the International Programs and Technology Affairs Directorate, with responsibility for science & technology agreements, export policy, United Nations issues, and the environment. He became President and CEO of the Business Executives for National Security (BENS) in 1991, then left to become President\/CEO of the Yosemite National Institutes (1995-2002). He returned to his home town of Reno, NV, where he heads up the Northern Nevada Network as well as the National Security Forum. Dr. Cobb received a Ph.D. from Georgetown University, an M.A. from Indiana University, and a B.A. from the University of Nevada. He is married to Suellen Small of Reno, NV. They have three children.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Speculation is rife that, with or without United States support, Israel will attack Iranian nuclear facilities, possibly soon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2934","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-features","category-online"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/peZtUX-Lk","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2934","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2934"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2934\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2934"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2934"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2934"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}