{"id":3003,"date":"2012-04-10T00:24:23","date_gmt":"2012-04-10T04:24:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/?p=3003"},"modified":"2013-02-15T17:12:39","modified_gmt":"2013-02-15T22:12:39","slug":"nypd-counterterror-investigations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/2012\/04\/nypd-counterterror-investigations\/","title":{"rendered":"NYPD Counterterror Investigations"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Ben White<\/strong><\/p>\n

Al-Qaeda and its affiliates<\/a> actively \u201cseek[] American homegrown recruits to implement a campaign of individual jihad and do-it-yourself terrorism.\u201d This presents a formidable and unavoidable national security challenge. However, unlike other nations (notably Britain<\/a>), facing similar\u2014or perhaps even greater\u2014threats from foreign nationals the \u201cUnited States does not have a domestic counter-radicalization strategy<\/a>.\u201d The effort, rather, has been delegated to the often-inconsistent approaches of various federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.<\/p>\n

A notable exemplar, the NYPD is taking measures to protect New York from the threat posed by radicalization of its citizens. Such an effort is not problematic in itself. As justified by recent events, our nation\u2019s economic and cultural capital cannot be blamed for taking measures to protect itself, especially where federal guidance is lacking. Problems arise, however, when the NYPD uses indefensibly invasive methods to meet its justifiable ends.<\/p>\n

This month, it surfaced that the NYPD has been monitoring Muslim student associations at universities far from the five boroughs\u2014notably at Yale<\/a>\u2014as \u201cpart of a larger effort to build databases of where Muslims live[], pray[] and shop[].\u201d The report follows a previously released Associated Press investigation documenting, among other methods: further infiltration<\/a> of Muslim college students, surveillance of<\/a> Muslims who choose to directly assist the NYPD\u2019s anti-terror operations, and, most troubling, creation of a Demographic Unit<\/a>, which hires \u201cmosque crawlers,\u201d and maps Muslim neighborhoods by \u201cmonitor[ing] daily life in bookstores, bars, cafes and nightclubs,\u201d and<\/a> collect[s] information on people who show[] no signs of radicalization.\u201d<\/p>\n

While some heightened suspicion of the Muslim-American community may be warranted<\/a>, the NYPD goes too far. Historically, in times of global conflict, we have increased pressure at home on those domestic communities most closely resembling our enemies overseas. Such efforts\u2014always taken in the name of national security\u2014gave birth to some of our most regrettable intrusions on traditional liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. Notable examples include the 1942 internment of Japanese-Americans and the Red Scares of the early and mid 20th<\/sup> century.<\/p>\n

The NYPD\u2019s approach to domestic radicalization of jihadists is not categorically different than these historical oversteps and poses its own set of problems. First, the NYPD\u2019s program disproportionately and aggressively targets one discrete and insular community. The disproportionality may be unwarranted, given that in the 10 years following 9\/11 there were just \u201c32 homegrown jihadist plots to carry out attacks in the United States. Most of these plots never got beyond the discussion stage<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Second, and more importantly, from a security perspective, the NYPD\u2019s approach suffers from a major strategic flaw: its ineffectiveness.<\/p>\n

The NYPD\u2019s methodological approach towards policing the Muslim-American community\u2014focusing on the \u201cinfluence of expected rewards and penalties \u2026 [rather than] legitimacy and morality\u201d\u2014serves to actively harm the counterterror effort, according to a 2010 study<\/a>. Put differently, the NYPD seeks to elicit compliance with the law by publicizing the consequences of transgression, rather than promoting adherence to the law as a normative value. While both methods can be effective, the \u201cdeterrence-based model\u201d necessarily limits the likelihood that individuals under generic suspicion will actively cooperate with police. This has significant effects in the counter-terrorism realm. Per the study, Muslim-Americans are almost universally loyal to the United States and abhor terrorism, yet are hesitant to provide much-needed information to law enforcement when they are viewed as members of a group universally classified as suspicious. Accordingly, the study found a \u201crobust correlation between perceptions of procedural justice and \u2026 legitimacy and willingness to cooperate among Muslim American communities in the context of antiterrorism policing.\u201d<\/p>\n

For a law enforcement community that relies extensively on Muslim-Americans as informants, such cooperation is essential. Mother Jones reports<\/a> that almost half of criminal prosecutions for terrorism rely on informants, and that \u201call [but three] of the [FBI\u2019s] high-profile domestic terror plots of the last decade were actually FBI stings,\u201d where informants tend to be vital. Thus, aggressive and suspicionless investigation of the Muslim-American community actively limits the availability of law enforcements\u2019 preferred strategy.<\/p>\n

Further, the NYPD\u2019s efforts not only deter would-be informants, but also limit the chances that Muslim-Americans will put law enforcement on notice of members of their community who may be ideologically radicalizing. This is quite intuitive: groups under suspicion by<\/em> law enforcement typically become suspicious of<\/em> law enforcement. Muslim-Americans fear that if they report their suspicions, they will become the targets of even further invasive policing.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s clear that the NYPD\u2019s methods, through fear, will deter and\/or force further underground certain would-be belligerents. What is equally clear, however, is that such fear will also deter individuals from assisting police in the counterterrorism effort, either by serving as informants or reporting suspicious behavior.<\/p>\n

In sum, the NYPD confronts an unenviable dilemma. They face a real threat to New York\u2019s security, but lack the traditional authority to address it. Further, the institution possessing that authority, the federal government, has put forth no general program to address that threat. Thus, as can be expected, the NYPD has taken decisive action. Condoning the basis of some<\/em> action, however, is different than condoning any<\/em> action. The NYPD should re-evaluate its approach in investigating the Muslim-American community such that it respects the traditional rights and protections expected by all Americans. Doing so will strengthen, rather than hinder, the NYPD\u2019s ability to prevent future acts of terrorism.<\/p>\n

Image courtesy of <\/em>TLJ News.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ben White: The NYPD counter-radicalization strategy is an example of the often-inconsistent approaches of various federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies to combating radicalization.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-online","category-student-articles"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/peZtUX-Mr","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3003"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3003\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journals.law.harvard.edu\/nsj\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}