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Corporate Reorganization as Corporate Reinvention: Borders and Blockbuster in Chapter 11

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Ruth Sarah Lee

At its heart, Chapter 11 is supposed to be about giving struggling businesses a new beginning, predicated on the idea that “a failing business can be reshaped into a successful operation . . . a predictable creation from a people whose majority religion embraces the idea of life from death and whose central myth is the pioneer making a fresh start on the boundless prairie.” However, major Chapter 11 cases filed in the past few months, and the subsequent discussions they provoked, raise a new question to peruse: how new should the new beginning be—how fresh the fresh start? When a corporation vows to change its business model in order to pay back its debts and become more successful, how much is it supposed to change? Can it morph into a completely different corporation after it emerges? Corporations like Borders Group, Inc. (“Borders”) or Blockbuster Inc. (“Blockbuster”) might be making Chapter 11 the fashionable, new way to metamorphose.

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Injury or Deterrence: The End of Class-Action Litigation and Its Benefit to Consumers

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Jason Sherman

On November 8, The Wall Street Journal asked, “Is D-Day Approaching For Class-Actions Lawsuits?” The next day, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments for AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion. The lower courts held AT&T Mobility’s (“ATTM”) adhesion contract’s arbitration clause unconscionable because it prevented class actions through either litigation or arbitration. However, the Federal Arbitration Act, as argued by ATTM, may preempt the finding by the lower courts, ultimately allowing corporations to use “no class action” clauses to shield themselves from class action litigation or arbitration. The media has mostly predicted that the case will be resolved in favor of ATTM, and as Professor Brian Fitzpatrick said, “it could end class-action litigation in American as we know it.” Many believe this lack of access to class action will “have harmful public policy consequences” that “would cut off the only meaningful method to redress widespread discrimination, fraud, or other violations of the law.”

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A Brief History of Hedge Fund Adviser Registration and Its Consequences for Private Equity and Venture Capital Advisers

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William K. Sjostrom, Jr.

Historically, hedge fund advisers have not had to register under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the Advisers Act) because of the private adviser exemption. This exemption applied to an investment adviser who (1) had fewer than fifteen clients during the previous twelve months, (2) did not publicly hold itself out as an investment adviser, and (3) did not advise registered investment companies. Even though a hedge fund routinely has fifteen or more investors, hedge fund advisers were able to meet the fewer than fifteen client requirement because they only had to count as clients the funds they advised (which they were careful to keep at fourteen or fewer) and not individual investors in the funds.

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Understanding the Commercial Real Estate Debt Crisis

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Tanya D. Marsh

The popular, if simplistic, understanding of the most recent economic crisis is that it was triggered by the bursting of an unprecedented residential real estate bubble. In this narrative, the bubble was caused by interrelated factors—the irrational beliefs of homeowners that property values would continue to rise and the aggressive lending practices, which focused on maximizing the size and volume of loan originations at the expense of prudent underwriting. Although we see signs of a slow recovery, the bubble’s collapse continues to have a destabilizing effect on every corner of our economy and society, from financial institutions struggling with “toxic assets” on their balance sheets, to community disruption caused by residential foreclosures.

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Concerted Refusals to License Intellectual Property Rights

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Christina Bohannan and Herbert Hovenkamp

The Federal Circuit recently issued a patent misuse decision that has implications for both innovation policy and antitrust law. Unilateral refusals to license intellectual property rights are virtually never antitrust violations, as is true of most unilateral refusals to deal. The Patent Act provides that a unilateral refusal to license cannot constitute patent “misuse,” which is a defense to an infringement suit based on the patentee’s anticompetitive acts, restraints on innovation, or improper sequestering of the public domain. Concerted refusals to deal are treated much more harshly under the antitrust laws because they can facilitate collusion or, in the case of technology, keep superior products or processes off the market.

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Citizens United and the Nexus-Of-Contracts Presumption

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Stefan J. Padfield

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission has been described as “one of the most important business decisions in a generation.” In Citizens United, the Supreme Court of the United States invalidated section 441(b) of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 as unconstitutional. That section prohibited corporations (and unions) from financing “electioneering communications” (speech that expressly advocates the election or defeat of a candidate) within 30 days of a primary election. The five Justices in the majority rested their holding on the assertion that “Government may not suppress political speech on the basis of the speaker’s corporate identity.” In reaching this conclusion, the majority relied on a view of the corporation fundamentally as an “association of citizens.”

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